Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (14)
- Part of a Book (1)
Language
- English (15) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (15)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (15)
Keywords
- Lehrerbildung (3)
- Schulpraktikum (2)
- teacher training (2)
- Africa (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Beurteilung (1)
- Chronotyp (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Curriculumentwicklung (1)
- Curriculumreform (1)
The quality of education in Mozambique has been faced with several challenges and criticisms. This situation comes from a long time ago. In many studies, it has been revealed that the quality of education is rather low, and there is evidence that students have difficulties in reading, writing, and calculating, especially in primary education. Also, there are weak links between theory and practice in secondary education. These difficulties negatively affect the development of skills and students’ profiles. In addition, this significantly delays the country's scientific, technological, and socio-economic development. The problems of education and other sectors in Mozambique could be solved by creating synergies and establishing joint approaches or actions involving all collaboration partners and as a system.
Aware of this, reforms have been carried out in the field of educational sciences to adopt innovative learning approaches through improving learning methodology and promoting contextualized learning according to the authentic needs of society. To enhance the knowledge and understanding of natural sciences and thus improve the quality of education, an interventional study was carried out based on an innovative learning theory made up of a cluster of connectivism, constructivism, and cognitivism.
Theory into practice was organized as a systemic approach based on contents found in the Mozambican curricula (teacher education and secondary schools) and integrating science-technology-society approaches. The research was devoted to analysing relevant core elements, institutional preconditions at schools and the university, and pre-service teachers’ pre-conceptions about these approaches and finding out outcomes that can enrich curricula and improve the quality of education in Mozambique.
This study was designed to involve pre-service teachers of chemistry and other natural sciences (Biology and Physics) from Púnguè University working together with students of grades 8, 9, and 11 from all (seven) secondary schools existing in Chimoio. These groups would be supported by lecturers and researchers from the university, secondary school teachers, specialists, technicians from partner companies, and communities or individuals belonging to the community who together could contribute to solving a problem in a systemic approach.
Because of the Pandemic COVID-19 situation in the country, the sample had to be slightly modified and structured according to the three different stages, organised in the following way:
Stage I (preparatory): one hundred and eleven (111) chemistry’s pre-service teachers from three different branches (Manica, Tete, and Sofala) of the Pedagogical University participated and applied a questionnaire. This stage took place in 2019 after the documentary study. It aimed to ascertain the pre-service teachers' preconceptions to understand their preparedness before the fieldwork.
For comparative reasons, six questions from the validated VOSTS instrument (Views on Science-Technology-Society) of Aikenhead, Ryan, and Fleming (1989), which is used widely internationally also, were incorporated into this questionnaire. The codification of students´ views was newly adapted to four scores, namely: Realistic (R), Has Merit (HM), Naïve (N), and Neutral (Ne).
Stage II (fieldwork/practical work): Sixty-six (66) chemistry pre-service teachers from Manica and Tete participated. This stage took place in 2020 after the restructuring of the former Pedagogical University when the Manica and Tete branches were joined together to create the Púnguè University (UniPúnguè).
In this stage, three lecturers from UniPúnguè (two in organic chemistry and one in environmental chemistry) also participated in monitoring and support.
Three external people also participated: a building engineer and a pipe connection specialist (representing the water supply company/FIPAG), and the municipal councillor for education and culture (representing the municipality);
Two secondary school teachers also participated in the study (one in chemistry and one in agriculture and cattle breeding);
Stage III (Science Motivation Questionnaire): the original questionnaire questionnaires from Glynn, Taasoobshirazi, and Brickman (2009) and Sotiriou, Mordan, Murphy, and Lovatt (2017) were in English, and it was necessary to translate them into Portuguese to apply to the chemistry´s pre-service teachers (main group). For this reason, the questionnaire was translated by fifty-three (53) pre-service teachers of English courses in a pilot study before administering it to the main group.
After checking the reliability of the translation (Cronbach´s Alpha = .928), the sixty-six (66) pre-service teachers who participated in practical activities filled in the questionnaire. This questionnaire intends to assess intrinsic motivation and personal relevance; Intrinsic motivation and personal interest; Perceived Competence; Effort/Importance; Value/Usefulness, and Collaborative Work Relatedness.
The outcomes from local interventions were collected by mixed methods research involving qualitative (documentary study, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and participatory-based research) and quantitative (questionnaires and interviews with fixed questions) methods. Data collected by quantitative methods were processed using the statistical package SPSS versions 20.0 and 25.0.
The results of the six questions taken from the VOSTS instrument show that most pre-service teachers do not present a realistic view (R), but rather a view with some legitimacy/merit (HM) in most questions (four) and with a cumulative average of about 54%, and in the case of the other two questions, the results indicated for an inappropriate view (Naïve/N) with the cumulative average of 49%.
With respect to science motivation, it was found that after practical activities, pre-service teachers have developed high levels of motivation, with the subcategory "the value/ usefulness of practical activities" scoring highest (80%) and the subcategory "collaborative work-relatedness" scoring lowest (49%).
These findings may be the result of ethnic and tribal conflicts that negatively interfere in the friendship between people, but also of the traumas caused by unpleasant and shocking memories of the use of technology in the war that lasted for about sixteen years and the repeated armed conflicts, kidnappings, and murders where science and technology have not been able to bring solutions.
This study also revealed that the pre-service teachers could not put these new approaches into practice right from the beginning, and almost none of them had heard of the systemic approach before. Additionally, in the practical activities, it was found that despite the lack of knowledge about how to design and carry out learning activities using Science-Technology-Society integration and the systemic approach, all students (100%) were satisfied.
The practical activities carried out show that applying knowledge collaboratively and by a systemic approach to solve everyday problems in communities promotes the development of skills and makes knowledge lasting, establishing contextualized, effective, and emotional learning.
In practical activities, several projects were developed, such as the production of soap based on ash as a saponification agent and other products such as lettuce, cabbage, alcohol, etc. Both the knowledge and the products resulting from these projects have been presented at national and international public events (conferences, workshops, seminars, etc.)
Further education of university students on the job led to several individual qualifications as bachelor's degrees (Licenciatura), of which five of them have already been defended with relevant monographs.
Finally, it is concluded from the findings that it will be possible to transfer this approach to other universities and schools in Mozambique and elsewhere, contributing, therefore, to help develop communities, improve learning and the profile of both students and teachers, as well as the profile of universities and schools.
The Kingdom of Bhutan’s development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) emphasises the need to balance sustainable economic growth with environmental conservation, promotion of cultural heritage, and good governance. In consonance, Bhutan’s Constitution entrusts every citizen with the sacred task of protecting the natural environment and preventing all forms of ecological degradation. Moreover, given the increasing global crisis of degrading the earth, climate change, resource depletion, and species extinction, the urgency of nature conservation in school education cannot be ignored. The need to articulate clearly how nature conservation education should be promoted in Bhutanese primary schools is, therefore, becoming increasingly urgent.
While some elements of nature conservation education are included in the school curriculum, not much is known about educator perceptions, school curricula, teaching and learning processes, and the role of school concerning nature conservation. Hence, this empirical study was necessary and timely to understand how nature conservation was perceived, taught and practised in Bhutanese primary schools. Social constructivism with an ethnographical research design was employed for this study. Relying on participant observation techniques for data collection, perspectives of 15 educators and 105 students of four Bhutanese primary schools were gathered. Three data collection tools, namely, a semi-structured interview, an open-ended questionnaire and field notes were used.
The study brought out a number of significant findings. Although Bhutan’s unique features, such as being heavily forested, traditional farming practices and spiritual practices, are advantageous to nature conservation education, gaps and inconsistencies were seen in the school curriculum and practices. Firstly, the educators and students who participated in the study misunderstood nature conservation as environmental conservation. Secondly, the curriculum textbooks on nature conservation generally represent Western perspectives of nature conservation rather than the Bhutanese spiritual and cultural beliefs that are primarily influenced by Buddhism. Findings also showed that children in the four primary schools had limited opportunities for direct experiences with nature during their lessons on nature. Lastly, the role of schools in nature conservation education lacks clarity.
The findings from this study have direct implications for the Ministry of Education, teacher education colleges, and other primary education stakeholders in the country. Several strategies are suggested to address the gaps identified. These include professional development programmes for teachers to enhance their knowledge about nature conservation education. The next strategy is reviewing the science and social studies curriculum to integrate the Buddhist values of interdependence and harmonious living with nature. The study also flagged the need to create rich natural environments on school campus, including using the community forests for children to play, study and develop connection with nature. Lastly, the study recommends developing reading materials for children on themes of nature.
Mozambique is among the poorest countries in the world in such a way that many schools lack essential resources (electricity, chairs, internet, computers, water, and others). As a result, the traditional model is still the most used one in subjects related to programming in different courses where the teacher presents new content during face-to-face sessions and students take assignments and exercises to complete at home. This subject is still new for many students, so, they find it challenging to complete the tasks at home. Furthermore, programming is taught only at the university level, so, students find it difficult to understand it for the first time, resulting in a motivation decrease as well as the increase of drawbacks in programming subjects. In this way, methods like the cognitive apprenticeship model (Collins, Brown, Newman, 1989), extreme programming (Beck & Fowler, 2001), gamification (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011), and flipped classroom (Lage, Platt, & Treglia, 2000) could be used or combined to motivate students and overcome these challenges. Since programming consists of a set of sequential steps and procedures, Gamified Flipped Classroom (GFC) seemed to be an appropriate method as it could be easy to demonstrate the “how to” procedures to students, letting them work on them at home (video lectures, links, documents). The teacher would act as a guide and facilitator for both home and in-class sessions, supported by gamification elements. Nevertheless, the thesis aimed to design a GFC learning environment adapted to the Mozambican context, investigate the student’s perception regarding this combination and analyse motivation and learning outcomes regarding day and night shifts. The research was conducted through Design-Based Research (DBR) for the learning environment design as well as student perception analysis and through a quasi-experiment for motivation and learning outcomes processing. The results indicate that The GFC learning environment for the Mozambique context should rely on three core aspects: A low-cost approach, availability of institution facilities and a proper curriculum plan adaptation. Furthermore, student’s perceptions were mostly positive, despite the occurrence of some negative ones related to connectivity problems. Lastly, generic data indicates that GFC did not significantly impact students’ motivation, however, separate analysis indicates that students from the day shift tended to feel more motivated than the day shift ones. Results also indicated that both shifts tended to increase their sense of competence and interest/enjoyment during the GFC learning environment but their sense of pressure was almost the same. Regarding learning outcomes, students scored higher marks during the traditional learning environment than in GFC, nevertheless, day-shift tended to have higher scores than night ones. So, it can be concluded that students from the day-shift felt more motivated and had better outcomes than the night ones.
The present thesis served as a starting point for promoting a change of paradigm in teaching programming, especially in countries with limited access to technology like Mozambique by adapting methods like GFC to its context.
Mobile Technology Impact In Support Note-Taking And Sharing Activities During Biology Field Trips
(2024)
This research study is to explore methods for incorporating mobile technology into field trips to support note-taking activities.
It presents the result of a qualitative study to determine the methods and tools biology students use to take and share notes on field trips and to develop useful guidelines for the development of mobile technologies to support note-taking and sharing activities. A field note is a combination of raw data and ideas that represents the process of transforming an observed interaction into a written one.
The study design consisted of two research phases:
Phase 1: Observation of 14 undergraduate Biology students attending the Marin ecology field study trip at the Technical university of Kaiserslautern, and 14 undergraduate biology students also how took part in the Botany Biodiversity field trip at the Saarland university.
Phase 2: Interview with 13 undergraduate biology students who took part in the Marin Molecular biology field trip and 14 undergraduate biology students who took part in the Botany biodiversity field trip.
The results of this research provided an understanding of generic requirements (and context-specific requirements) by identification of the undergraduate biology students' needs and requirements during field trip learning activities, i.e., it was observed that all groups of students take a number of devices with them, these include a mixture of traditional and modern tools such as note and sketchbooks for note taking. Also, it was identified what makes mobile technology useful to use in the field, to support the outdoor students learning experience i.e. the system must provide a GPS link function to link the taken notes with location automatically. Also, from the other side this research study explored factors that affect the use of mobile technology in biology field trips by university students can lead them to choose paper-based tools to support their learning experiences during fieldwork.
In general, Mobile technology have a great impact on the students in collecting data and capturing their learning experiences during the field trip.
Technologies based on Geographic Information System (GIS) are widely used in society and are increasingly being integrated into school curricula and practice. Many claims have been made that the use of GIS in class has positive effects on a wide range of achievement and affective variables. However, empirical evidence for that, especially in the German situation, has been scarce.
Systemic thinking has been central to the guiding objective of German geography education for many years and constitutes an important contribution to prepare students for life in a complex world. Yet, so far, specific test instruments and studies elucidating factors that help students improve this competency have been far from extensive.
This dissertation aims at exploring the influence of a short ‘working with GIS’ vs. ‘working with maps’ unit on students’ achievement in geography, specifically, the systemic thinking competency. Based on literature a definition of geographic systemic thinking and an associated competency model were developed. In total, three one test time and two pre-/posttest with control group studies were conducted to develop test instruments and a treatment as well as to study the question at hand. The treatment used the topic ‘tourism in Kenya’. Partly Desktop-, partly Web-based GIS versions were used. In study 5, there were two different types of materials, which contained parallel contents/tasks. While one used an overview sheet of relevant GIS functionality (‘old’), the other integrated more step-by-step instruction directly into the text (‘new’). Variables included were systemic thinking, sex, age, stream/type of geography study/pre-score, grade/semester, language and migration background, pre-experience, affective variables, pre-basic spatial thinking skills, treatment and material type. Not all variables were used in every study.
The largest study (study 5) used the results of 932 seventh grade students for analyses. The sample contains both high and middle stream students from three German federal states. The study highlights issues such as e.g. test time constraints, open task coding, partly ceiling effects and item difficulties partly deviant from the model expectations. For the analyses, both raw average scores and WLE estimates obtained by a Rasch analysis are used. Additionally, based on the WLE scores, HLMs are calculated.
Overall, in study 5 GIS students do not improve pre- to posttest in systemic thinking. Consequently, GIS has no positive, and partly a significantly negative impact compared to maps, e.g. in a HLM with all other variables having significant effects included. Results for material type are mixed. For instance, on the one hand, t-tests show no significant difference in pre-posttest-change between students working with ‘old’ and ‘new’ WebGIS materials. On the other
hand, the overall HLMs with other variables included show a significant negative effect only for the ‘old’ but not for the ‘new’ WebGIS materials.
Only 23 students could be included in the ‘having already worked with an educational GIS’-sub-group (vs. 520). The improvement of these students pre- to posttest is not significant, but has an effect size above 0.2. A calculation with the ‘no pre-experience’ sub-group being reduced to students with similar characteristics (e.g. in terms of stream, GIS type) leads to 19 vs. 84 students and similar results. In both cases, students with pre-experience perform not significantly, but with an effect size above 0.2, better than students without pre-experience. Overall, the results could hint at students needing more pre-experience so as to not have so much mental capacity tied to getting used to the software and being able to concentrate more on the system interrelationships. However, due to the sample characteristics and study design, this cannot be proven by the present data and thus needs to be explored in further studies.
Other variables (age, sex, migration and language background, stream, pre-score, pre-spatial thinking score) show mixed results depending on the analysis method used. This underlines the impact of methodological choices and the need for large sample studies in order to be able to take a closer look at individual sub-groups. Furthermore, the HLM results point to not all influencing variables having been included. In general, the impact of variables such as pre-achievement/ stream and sex on pre-posttest change evident in some of the analyses points to the need for more research to develop differentiated learning materials.
The conducted studies also show, e.g. through deviations from the assumed model of systemic thinking, that there is still a great need for more studies in terms of test- and model development for systemic and spatial thinking in a geographic context.